Clinical

Figure 1. There are two basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the glandular epithelial cells (arrows). There are mononuclear cells (round basophilic cells) infiltrating the mucosa and there are granulocytes (smaller eosinophilic cells). Photo courtesy of Christopher Poulos at APHA Lasswade.

Adenoviral associated gizzard erosions: an overview and case example

Adenoviruses are medium-sized (70–100nm), double stranded DNA viruses that do not have a capsule (Hess, 2000; The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), 2012). They are classified into...

Figure 2. Cow and calf following successful completion of stage 2 parturition. Image courtesy of K. Ellis, reproduced with permission.

Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs at calving

Calving is a complex process with three recognised stages (Figures 1 and 2), each associated with different sources of pain. Pain is a subjective experience defined by the International Association...

Figure 2. Small groups of calves housed within a polytunnel, fed using manual Wydale feeders.

Practical implications of calf housing systems in the UK

The selection of the type of calf housing used on farm can be influenced by many factors, with an understanding of farmer perspectives proving helpful in the provision of appropriate veterinary...

Figure 4. Clostridium perfringens colonies culture on blood agar.

The role of Clostridium perfringens in neonatal diarrhoea and the importance of effective control

C. perfringens is a Gram-positive rod-shaped anaerobic bacteria that is classified into 5 types (A-E) based on the toxins it secretes, including the four main toxins alpha (CPA), beta (CPB), elipson...

African swine fever variants currently outside Africa

From Georgia 2007 to Thailand 2022, Greece 2022 and the Dominican Republic 2021, the same virus strain and sequence is recognised as ASF type 2 with minimal change to the virus. There have been no...

Medicine storage

Areas of medicine storage, where veterinanians should be concerned, can be illustrated by a personal study that has taken place over 20 years (Carr personal observations) (Table 1)..

Figure 3. Increasingly, nematodirosis is seen in older lambs during late summer and autumn. This may involve an evolutionary change in the parasite's dependence on specific conditions for egg hatching, or may be an effect of climate or pasture management change on larval survival.

Changing patterns of Nematodirus battus infection

During the summer and autumn 2021, the FECs of lambs in a hill flock of about 500 ewes in the south-east of Scotland were monitored using a saturated saline and cuvette method with a detection...

Latest concepts relevant to treatment of digital dermatitis in dairy cattle

Digital dermatitis is a polymicrobial infection, with many hundreds of bacterial species found in lesions (Krull et al, 2014; Zinicola et al, 2015). Changes in bacterial populations and relative...

Figure 4. Design features to consider when installing a positive pressure ventilation (PPV) tube. Adapted from Nordlund et al 2019. It is recommended that professional experts are involved in the design and installation of PPV tubes.

Challenges of pre-weaning calf housing

The prevalence of BRD in the UK has been reported to be 46%, accounting for approximately a third of deaths in pre-weaned calves (Johnson et al, 2017), and is considered to be the most important...

Figure 2. Haemonchus nematodes in the abomasum.

Laboratory testing and post-mortem lesion recognition in goats

A knowledge of the apparent lack of age dependent resistance to nematode parasites in goats is key to investigating weight loss and diarrhoea in goats of all ages in which clinical parasitic...

Figure 1. A sheep with septic pedal arthritis. Note the severe lameness and the noticeable degree of swelling above the coronary band.

Digit amputation in small ruminants

In cattle digit amputation is indicated for septic pedal arthritis (infection of the distal interphalangeal joint) (Pejsa et al, 1998; Desrochers et al, 2008), pedal osteitis (infection of P3), toe...

Figure 1. Improving foot health includes having a thorough understanding of environmental and management factors. The Healthy Feet Programme gives structure for veterinary surgeons intending to make environmental assessments for cows in all systems, whether housed, as here, or grazing, or mixed.

Developments in managing dairy cow foot health

While lameness has been named as the number one issue by the UK's Ruminant Health and Welfare Group, there are other stake-holder groups that also have an important influence. One conse-quence of...