References

Coe JB, Adams CL, Eva K, Desmarais S, Bonnett BN. Development and validation of an instrument for measuring appointment-specific client satisfaction in companion-animal practice. Prev Vet Med.. 2010; 93:(2-3)201-10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.10.005

Collins LG, Schrimmer A, Diamond J, Burke J. Evaluating verbal and non-verbal communication skills, in an ethnogeriatric OSCE. Patient Educ Couns.. 2011; 83:(2)158-62 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2010.05.012

Di Blasi Z, Harkness E, Ernst E, Georgiou A, Kleijnen J. Influence of context effects on health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet. 2001; 357:(9258)757-62 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04169-6

Grand JA, Lloyd JW, Ilgen DR, Abood S, Sonea IM. A measure of and predictors for veterinarian trust developed with veterinary students in a simulated companion animal practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc.. 2013; 242:(3)322-34 https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.242.3.322

Hasson G. Brilliant Communication Skills.Harlow: Pearson Education Limited; 2012

Hietanen JK, Leppänen JM, Peltola MJ, Linna-aho K, Ruuhiala HJ. Seeing direct and averted gaze activates the approach–avoidance motivational brain systems. Neuropsychologia. 2008; 46:(9)2423-30 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.02.029

Ishikawa H, Hashimoto H, Kinoshita M, Yano E. Can non-verbal communication skills be taught?. Med Teach.. 2010; 32:(10)860-3 https://doi.org/10.3109/01421591003728211

Jakob R. The use of eye movements in human-computer interaction techniques: what you look at is what you get. Readings in intelligent user interfaces. 1998; 65-83

Kacperck L. Non-verbal communication: the importance of listening. Br J Nurs.. 1997; 6:(5)275-9 https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.1997.6.5.275

Klopčič M, Bažok R, Virić Gašparić H, Erjavec K. How students perceive teachers' non-verbal and verbal communication at agricultural universities in Austria, Slovenia and Albania. J Agric Educ Ext.. 2018; 24:(5)473-83 https://doi.org/1 0.1080/1389224X.2018.1491869

Little P, White P, Kelly J, Everitt H, Gashi S, Bikker A, Mercer S. Randomised controlled trial of a brief intervention targeting predominantly non-verbal communication in general practice consultations. Br J Gen Pract.. 2015; 65:(635)e357-e365 https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp15X685249

Mast MS. On the importance of non-verbal communication in the physician–patient interaction. Patient Educ Couns.. 2007; 67:(3)315-18 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2007.03.005

Mehrabian A. Silent Messages.California: Wandsworth; 1971

Mercer SW, Reynolds WJ. Empathy and quality of care. Br J Gen Pract.. 2002; S9-S12

Mercer SW, Fitzpatrick B, Gourlay G, Vojt G, McConnachie A, Watt GCM. More time for complex consultations in a high-deprivation practice is associated with increased patient enablement. Br J Gen Pract.. 2007; 57:(545)960-6 https://doi.org/10.3399/096016407782604910

Navarro J. What Every Body Is Saying.New York: Harper Collins Publishers; 2008

Ritter C, Barkema HW, Adams CL. Action cameras and the Roter interaction analysis system to assess veterinarianproducer interactions in a dairy setting. Vet Rec.. 2018; 182:(8) https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.104423

Roberts F. Speaking to and for animals in a veterinary clinic: A practice for managing interpersonal interaction. Res Lang Soc Interact.. 2004; 37:(4)421-46 https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327973rlsi3704_2

Schrammel F, Pannasch S, Graupner ST, Mojzisch A, Velichkovsky BM. Virtual friend or threat? The effects of facial expression and gaze interaction on psychophysiological responses and emotional experience. Psychophysiology. 2009; 46:(5)922-31 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00831.x

Shaw JR, Adams CL, Bonnett BN, Larson S, Roter DL. Veterinarian satisfaction with companion animal visits. J Am Vet Med Assoc.. 2012; 240:(7)832-41 https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.240.7.832

Stickley T. From SOLER to SURETY for effective non-verbal communication. Nurse Educ Pract.. 2011; 11:(6)395-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2011.03.021

Stivers T. Prediagnostic commentary in veterinarian-client interaction. Res Lang Soc Interact.. 1998; 31:(2)241-77 https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327973rlsi3102_4

Vogel D, Meyer M, Harendza S. Verbal and non-verbal communication skills including empathy during history taking of undergraduate medical students. BMC Med Educ.. 2018; 18:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-018-1260-9

Can communication in farm animal veterinary practice be improved through a focus on the non-verbal element? A clinical forum

02 January 2020
15 mins read
Volume 25 · Issue 1
Figure 2. Mirroring is a form of non-verbal communication. It is often used in social situations and offers a way of creating rapport with the person you are talking to; one person imitates the gestures of the other.
Figure 2. Mirroring is a form of non-verbal communication. It is often used in social situations and offers a way of creating rapport with the person you are talking to; one person imitates the gestures of the other.

Abstract

As farm veterinary surgeons, we are in the position of needing to communicate our information, ideas and feelings about animal health and welfare with our farmer clients. Studies looking at communication in the healthcare and companion animal veterinary profession show that effective communication skills help achieve a positive client/patient interaction and outcome, including satisfaction levels. Communication has three elements: verbal, non-verbal and paraverbal. Non-verbal communication conveys more effectively than the other two elements how we feel about and our attitudes towards a situation and person. Having a better understanding of non-verbal communication, as part of an overall approach to improving communication skills, could therefore help veterinary surgeons have better interactions with their farmers, leading to a more satisfying relationship for both parties. Research ongoing at the University of Nottingham and Bristol is aiming to establish a methodology to measure non-verbal parameters in the farmer-vet interaction using GoPro cameras.

Communication is the exchange of information, ideas and feelings. There are three elements; verbal (written and spoken words), paraverbal (includes pitch, volume, intonation, emphasis, handwriting style) and non-verbal (includes facial expression, touch, body positioning, gestures, body adornment). Non-verbal communication (NVC) involves the exchange of ideas, feelings and information without the use of words; it provides clues to the attitude and feelings behind the words being spoken.

How important is the non-verbal element? Results from two studies conducted by Mehrabian (1971), suggested that the expression of attitudes and feelings comprised 55% NVC, with the verbal and paraverbal elements accounting for only 7% and 38% respectively of their overall communication (Figure 1). Navarro (2008) highlighted the importance of recognising people's non-verbal messages, as conveyed by their clothes, hairstyle, personal hygiene and general appearance, which imparts information about their personal and social identity. The need for a comprehensive understanding of and education in NVC skills is therefore important to help us better understand who we are talking to and how we can improve our ability to exchange ideas, information and feelings (Figures 2 and 3) (Hasson, 2012).

Register now to continue reading

Thank you for visiting UK-VET Companion Animal and reading some of our peer-reviewed content for veterinary professionals. To continue reading this article, please register today.